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Advances in location-tracking capabilities of smartphone devices have raised major privacy concerns for users. This paper investigates how users form location privacy concerns about smartphones as a cognitive schema that emerges from their experiences with device-level location disclosure.

An extended privacy calculus model was developed, that addresses how the notion of control and extrinsic and intrinsic influences contribute to individuals’ privacy concerns regarding location disclosure on smartphones. In analyzing data from 559 smartphone users, it was found that their perceived device-level privacy control had a significant impact on how they assessed not only the overall risks but also the overall benefits experienced in location-disclosure instances on smartphones.

Furthermore, it was found that disclosure motivators and demotivators resulting from both social influences and privacy breach experiences were associated with the dual calculus trade-offs, but each had their own consequences.

The findings contribute to the limited knowledge on location privacy concerns with using smartphone devices in contrast to privacy concerns with location-based services.

The proposed theoretical model generates novel and granular insights into the complex mechanisms that frame privacy concerns based on the perceptions developed over information disclosure experiences.

Privacy Calculus, Location Privacy Concerns, Smartphone, Privacy Control, Extrinsic and Intrinsic Influences, Cognitive Schema

This work has been supported by the and the of Canada.