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Canadian Multiculturalism and Diversity

An official was seen posing with a child while the child's mother took a picture of them, as a large crowd watched this endearing moment
Theme: Citizenship and Participation
Research Cluster: Media Narratives and Polarization 

In partnership with:

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Background

Canada is one of the most ethnically diverse countries globally, and this diversity continues to grow each year. The country鈥檚 experience with diversity is often viewed as successful. However, it faces challenges such as systemic racism, discrimination, imported conflicts, and issues faced by newcomers in finding jobs, housing, and social services. As time passes, circumstances evolve. Recently, there has been a noticeable increase in public concern about immigration levels. Additionally, attitudes towards diversity are influenced by factors like economic downturns, especially during a recession, shifts in news sources due to social media, and foreign political situations, particularly in the United States.

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Objective

This research aims to be the definitive study of the current state of Canada鈥檚 multicultural society, from the perspectives of Canadians and those with diverse ethnic, cultural, and immigration backgrounds. Research will consist of a large, diverse sample of the Canadian population, stratified by ethnicity, race, generation in Canada, and standard demographics (age, gender, income, etc.). This sample composition is the essential feature that makes it possible to address the content themes at a national level but (more importantly) across groups to identify commonalities and differences.

There is a considerable body of social research on various aspects of this topic, conducted by the Environics Institute, other think tanks, government agencies, and academics. This body of work is valuable in addressing separately many specific issues, such as attitudes to immigration, experiences of discrimination and racism, and barriers to economic and social integration. What is missing is a comprehensive perspective that spans the range of themes and that reflects the nuances in perspectives and experiences across the population鈥檚 diversity.

The research builds on previous research conducted by the Environics Institute (and others), but will broaden it by integrating a full range of relevant themes into one survey using an expanded sample to cover perspectives across important segments of the population.

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Research Questions

  1. How do Canadians view the country鈥檚 current ethnic/cultural composition and how it is changing?
  2. What are Canadians' own experiences, in terms of their own background/identity and how they interact with others?
  3. To what extent do first- and second-generation immigrations feel included fully or on equal terms in Canadian society and the economy?
  4. How does the character of Canadian and Quebec nationalism accommodate different ethnicities and identities?
  5. What can we learn from a comparison of perspectives between first- and /second- generation Canadians and non-immigrants in terms of how they view each other鈥檚 place in Canada?
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Methodology

The research consists of a national survey of Canadians (covering the 10 provinces), conducted online with a large representative sample (~6,500) that provides effective coverage of the population across ethnic-racial groups and generations in Canada, as well as across regions and key demographic groups. A sample of this magnitude is an essential innovation that will make it possible to uncover the story from a diversity of perspectives, including those from the country鈥檚 largest racialized groups. This survey will be the definitive study providing a groundbreaking picture of Canada鈥檚 multicultural society.

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Partners

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Related Projects

The content of the research will build on previous studies conducted by the Institute and others. It will include both established survey measures and new ones to address emerging and overlooked issues. The study will also provide data to follow up on Statistics Canada鈥檚 landmark , conducted over 20 years ago, examining the economic and social inclusion of Canadians from different backgrounds.

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Status

As the first phase of the project, a large-scale national survey was conducted in partnership with the Environics Institute. Survey data collection has now been completed, with over 6,800 responses collected across Canada, including oversampling of immigrant and racialized communities to strengthen subgroup analysis.

On 15 May 2026, project partners and researchers convened to review preliminary findings from the survey and discuss priorities for the next phase of research. This meeting provided an opportunity to identify emerging themes, discuss areas for further quantitative analysis, and begin shaping the qualitative phase of the project.

The next phase includes the production of an initial report summarising key findings, followed by more extensive quantitative analysis and a large qualitative component designed to explore emerging questions from the survey data in greater depth.

The project is now moving into the next stage of research, which includes expanded quantitative analysis of survey findings and the development of a large qualitative component involving interviews planned for late summer and fall. This next phase seeks to deepen understanding of issues related to belonging, multiculturalism, immigration, social trust, identity, and experiences of inclusion and exclusion in contemporary Canada.

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Keywords

Canadian identity; citizenship; nationalism; multiculturalism; diversity

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In the 'The Role of ADTS in Driving Polarization in Liberal Democracies' Sub-Theme: